In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is primarily due to the deficiency of oxygen in Nb2O5, used to be a Uncooked substance Original melt (Czochralski technique) [186]. Accordingly, determined by its generation technology, niobium pentoxide can adopt a wide range of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://-lithiumniobatecrystal36790.uzblog.net/top-latest-five-lithium-niobate-crystal-urban-news-46425974